ISS PREVIOUS YEAR GS 2016 Q.NO.3

ISS PREVIOUS YEAR GS 2016 Q.NO.3

UPSC ISS PYQ

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Question

The division of India into provinces and the evolution of a system of provincial administration by Akbar was an effective system of governance. Comment.

Answer

The administrative system developed by Akbar was one of the most significant contributions to the consolidation of the Mughal Empire. His division of the empire into provinces (Subas) and the establishment of a well-organized provincial administration ensured efficiency, accountability, and central control.

• Provincial Division

Akbar divided his empire into several provinces called Subas. Each Suba was further divided into Sarkars, Parganas, and villages. This hierarchical administrative structure helped in better governance and revenue collection.

Key Provincial Officers

Each province was governed by a set of officials with clearly defined roles:

• Subedar (Governor): Maintained law and order and implemented imperial policies.

• Diwan: Looked after revenue collection and financial matters.

• Bakshi: Managed military administration and payment of soldiers.

• Qazi and Sadr: Handled judicial and religious matters.

This separation of powers ensured checks and balances and prevented concentration of authority.

• Revenue Administration

Akbar introduced the Zabt system under the guidance of Raja Todar Mal. Land was measured, classified, and taxed systematically. This improved revenue efficiency and reduced exploitation of peasants.

• Central Control with Local Autonomy

Although provinces had administrative autonomy, they were directly accountable to the central authority. Regular reporting and audits ensured that provincial officials remained loyal to the emperor.

• Efficiency and Stability

The system brought political stability, administrative uniformity, and economic prosperity. It helped in integrating diverse regions of the empire under a common framework.

Limitations

• Dependence on capable officials; inefficiency could arise with weak administrators.

• Communication delays sometimes affected central control.

• Possibility of corruption at lower administrative levels.

Conclusion

Akbar’s provincial administration was a highly effective system of governance that combined central authority with administrative efficiency. It not only strengthened the Mughal Empire but also laid the foundation for future administrative systems in India.

ISS PREVIOUS YEAR GS 2016 Q.NO.3