ISS Previous Year Paper 2025 GS Solution Question 1(e)

ISS Previous Year Paper 2025 GS Solution Question 1(e)

(e) What were the differences between moderates and extremists in the Indian National Movement?

Answer:

The Moderates and Extremists represented two different approaches within the Indian National Congress during the early phase of the national movement.

The Moderates, including Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Pherozeshah Mehta, believed in constitutional and peaceful methods. They used petitions, resolutions, meetings and representations to persuade the British government to introduce reforms. They initially believed that British rule could be improved through gradual political change.

The Extremists, represented by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, demanded stronger political action. They emphasized Swaraj, Swadeshi, boycott of foreign goods and national education. Tilak's declaration that “Swaraj is my birthright” reflected their more assertive approach.

Moderates relied mainly on educated political leadership and constitutional agitation, whereas Extremists sought wider mass participation and direct political pressure. Moderates preferred gradual reforms, while Extremists aimed at greater self-reliance and more immediate self-government.

Despite these differences, both groups contributed significantly to Indian nationalism. The Moderates created political awareness, while the Extremists transformed nationalism into a broader and more assertive movement.