ISS Previous Year Paper 2021 GS Solution Question 2(c) Air Pollution and Water Shortages in Urban Centres

ISS Previous Year Paper 2021 GS Solution Question 2(c) Air Pollution and Water Shortages in Urban Centres. Detailed answer discussing how these environmental challenges affect cities across the world and measures to address them.

ISS Previous Year Paper 2021 GS Solution Question 2(c) Air Pollution and Water Shortages in Urban Centres

ISS Previous Year Paper 2021 GS Solution Question

Q.2(c) “Air pollution and water shortages are among the problems faced by urban centres across the globe.” Examine this statement.

Answer :

Urban centres across the world face increasing environmental stress due to rapid population growth, industrial expansion, and rising consumption of natural resources. Air pollution and water scarcity have become major concerns in both developed and developing countries.

Air Pollution

Air pollution in cities is primarily caused by:

• Vehicular emissions.

• Industrial activities and thermal power plants.

• Construction and demolition activities.

• Burning of fossil fuels and waste.

  
  

Cities such as Delhi, Beijing, Mexico City, and Jakarta frequently experience poor air quality. Exposure to polluted air causes respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disorders, reduced productivity, and premature deaths.

Water Shortages

Water scarcity in urban areas results from:

• Rapid population growth and rising demand.

• Over-extraction of groundwater.

• Pollution of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.

• Inefficient water management and leakage.

• Climate change and irregular rainfall patterns.

  
  

Cities like Cape Town, Chennai, Bengaluru, and São Paulo have faced severe water crises in recent years. Water shortages affect domestic consumption, sanitation, industrial activities, and public health.

Need for Sustainable Solutions

Addressing these problems requires:

• Promotion of clean and renewable energy.

• Improved public transportation systems.

• Efficient waste management.

• Rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge.

• Water conservation and recycling measures.

• Sustainable urban planning and environmental regulations.

  
  

Without effective intervention, these challenges may threaten the sustainability and livability of urban centres.

Conclusion

Air pollution and water shortages are critical urban challenges that affect health, economic development, and environmental sustainability. Integrated planning, technological innovation, and responsible resource management are essential for building resilient and sustainable cities.